Can We Trust the Bible: History of Progress Toward Canonization for the OT

History of Progress Toward Canonization for the OT

At the time of Christ, the OT canon included the 39 OT books which are found in today’s English Bible. This is confirmed in the writings of the great Jewish historian Josephus (A.D. 37-95). The compilation of the 39 books is discussed in greater detail in Article 4 of this series.

However, if you were to look at the table of contents of a Hebrew Old Testament, you would notice two differences from today’s English Old Testament. First, the English OT has only 22 books, not 39. The content, though, is identical; it is just that the Hebrew Bible combines certain books. (For example, books such as 1 and 2 Samuel are combined into one, and other smaller books are attached to larger ones.)

A second difference is that the order of the books is rearranged. It is interesting to note that the last book of the Hebrew Bible is not Malachi but Chronicles. With an understanding of this arrangement of books, Erwin Lutzer provides further proof in support of the opening comment of this article.

“Now let me share an incidental proof that Christ’s Bible was the same in content as the Hebrew Old Testament we have today. The first murder in the Old Testament was, of course, when Cain killed Abel; the last murder, according to the Hebrew order of books, was when the prophet Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada, was stoned to death in the temple (2 Chronicles 24:20-21). Only now are we prepared to understand the words of Jesus, ‘Therefore, behold, I am sending you prophets and wise men and scribes; some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city, that upon you may fall the guilt of all the righteous blood shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar (Matthew 23:34-35).’ Given the order of the Hebrew Old Testament, Christ gives a sweeping panorama of its entire history. These two murders are ‘bookends’ for the whole of the Hebrew canon. In New Testament terms we would say, ‘From Genesis to Revelation.’ This is further proof that Christ’s Bible was that of the Jewish Hebrew Canon (though arranged differently), as our own Old Testament.” (Seven Reasons Why You Can Trust The Bible, pgs. 169-170)

Skeptics maintain that a group of “old men” (religious scholars} came together in 95 A.D.--the Synod of Jamnia--to decide what books were to be included in the OT. Nothing could be further from the truth! It has already been demonstrated that by the time of Christ, the OT was already compiled and considered to be canonical scripture (see Article 4). Josephus maintains the OT canon had been closed for five centuries. The Synod was a gathering of Jewish scholars who had no authority for Judaism, and they did not add to nor delete from the 39 books already in use.

• Our next article looks at the External Evident Supporting the Reliability of the OT.
• Return to our Introduction Post to see a list of all articles in this series.

The Beatitudes - Happy are those who Suffer (by Stephen Simpson)

“Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are you when others revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account.” (v. 10-11 ESV)

Verses 10 & 11 are best taken together as one Beatitude - the final one. Happy are those who suffer for the sake of righteousness and truth. Again, we must understand how this would have sounded to the Jew sitting there listening to Jesus’ words.  They expected to hear Jesus say, "Your suffering is over!"  Instead, He said, "Rejoice in your persecution."


Here, especially, is where the world does not understand Christianity. The world has tried to eliminate Christianity through suffering and persecution. They tried crucifying the apostles. They beheaded some. They dipped some in tar and set them on fire to provide light for their parties. They burned them at the stake. The persecution continues to this day. Just because we live in America and may not hear about it, does not mean that Christians are not murdered for righteousness’ sake.

I was recently told by one of our missionaries to Mali, that one of the national pastors in Mali has had to flee to the US because there is a price on his head.  Islamic terrorists want him - dead or alive.  We in the US must not be naive. Persecution of Christianity is flourishing throughout the world.  Hundreds of Christians have had to flee Northern Mali.  Churches are being attacked in Nigeria. Spend some time at www.persecution.com and you will see that persecution is spread all around the world. 

But as Christians, we are to rejoice in sufferings and persecutions. What is to be our response to suffering for righteousness’ sake?

“Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven, for so they persecuted the prophets who were before you.” (Matt. 5:12)

Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake.


Other Posts in this series:

1. The Secret to True Happiness
2. Who Was Jesus Speaking To?
3. How Poor Is Your Spirit?
4. What Makes You Mourn?
5. How Meek Are You?
6. Are You Satisfied?
7. Blessed Are the Merciful
8. Do You Have Mixed Motives? 
9. Be a Peacemaker - Preach the Gospel! 

A Closer Look at Operation Christmas Child

About Operation Christmas Child
Operation Christmas Child, a project of Samaritan's Purse, is a ministry that helps children around the world. It is a way for the body of Christ to bring smiles and laughter to families across the globe while also opening the door to sharing the Gospel and the love of Christ with those who might never otherwise experience it. Since the ministry began in 1993, approximately 100 million shoe boxes have been filled!

How to Give
If God has laid a desire on your heart to give to be a part of this ministry, here is what you need to know:

1. First of all, you need to get either a standard size empty shoe box or a small plastic container. Also, it is important to begin praying for the child who will eventually receive your gift. 
2. The next thing you need to do is to determine whether you would like your gift to be for a girl or a boy as well as the age group of the child: 2-4, 5-9, or 10-14. Next, put the appropriate label on your box. (There is a brochure for Operation Christmas Child at the information desk in the foyer of the church with this information as well as appropriate labels for your box, or you can visit the Operation Christmas Child website to print out any information or labels that you may need.)
3. The third step is to fill the box with gifts that you think will make a child smile! Some gift suggestions made by Operation Christmas Child are: school supplies, toys, hygiene items, or other gifts such as small clothing items, jewelry, or watches and flashlights with extra batteries. You can also enclose a picture of your family as well as a note from yourself to the child. If you include your name and address, the child may write back! Do not include: used or damaged items; war-related items such as toy guns, knives or military figures; food, out-of-date candy, or chocolate; liquids or lotions; medications or vitamins; breakables; aerosol cans. For more information on what to include or not to include, please refer to the website or brochure.
4. The next step is to include a $7 donation for each box, because shipping shoe boxes overseas is costly. There is a donation envelope attached to the brochures available in the church foyer, or you can print one out from the website.
5. The last thing to do is to place a rubber band around each closed shoe box, drop it off at the church on or before National Collection Week, November 12-19, and continue to pray for the child who will receive your gift! If you are unable to drop your shoe box off at the church, you can mail it to: Samaritan's Purse, 801 Bamboo Rd, Boone, NC 28607.

Now What?

If you have read this, and you are sitting there wondering what to do, start praying about contributing to this ministry! If you have any questions or would like more information, you can visit the Operation Christmas Child website or pick up a brochure in the church foyer.

Can We Trust the Bible: Rejection of the Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament

Among the many reasons for rejecting the Apocryphal books of the Old Testament are: (1) the great Jewish scholars rejected them (Philo, Josephus, and the Jamnia scholars); (2) early biblical scholars (Melito, Origen, Epiphanius, and Jerome) rejected them; (3) early church fathers rejected them; (4) they do not claim inspiration and even, in some cases, disclaims it; (5) they have no predictive prophecy or additional Messianic truth; (6) they contain some unbiblical teachings; (7) large portions of the books are obviously legendary and fictitious; and, (8) historical, chronological, and geographical errors may be found throughout the writings.

With regard to the twelve books which appear as an addition in the Roman Catholic Bible, commonly referred to as The Apocrypha, it was not until 1546 that the Catholic Church decreed these books for inclusion in their canon.  In their book, From God to Us by Norman Geisler and William Nix, they note:  “The action of the Council of Trent was both polemical and prejudicial.  In debates with Luther, the Roman Catholics had quoted the Maccabees in support of prayer for the dead (2 Mac. 12:45-46).  Luther and Protestants following him challenged the canonicity of that book, citing the New Testament, the early church Fathers, and Jewish teachers for support.  The Council of Trent responded to Luther by canonizing the Apocrypha. . . .The decision at Trent did not reflect either a universal or indisputable consent within the Catholic church of the Reformation.  During that very time Cardinal Cajetan, who opposed Luther at Augsburg in 1518, published a Commentary on All the Authentic Historical Books of the Old Testament (1532) which omitted the Apocrypha.  Even before this, Cardinal Ximenes distinguished between the Apocrypha and the Old Testament canon in his Coplutensian Polyglot (1514-1517).  With this data in view, Protestants generally reject the decision of Trent as unfounded.”  (Pages 97-98)

Additionally, in his book How We Got the Bible, Neil Lightfoot makes the following comment on The Apocrypha:  “Objections to these books cannot be overruled by dictatorial authority [i.e., the Catholic Church].  On 8 April 1546 in the fourth session of the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church pronounced the Old Testament Apocrypha [with the exception of certain books] as authoritative and canonical Scripture.  This was done even though in different periods of its own history officials of the Roman Church had been outspoken against the Apocrypha as Scripture.  At that time the Council also decreed that the Latin Vulgate only was to be regarded as authentic Scripture and that ‘holy Mother Church’ alone maintained the right to give the true interpretation of Scripture. . . . Indeed, according to the Council of Trent, the Scriptures are and mean what the church says.  Yet Rome, which in such matters claims infallibility, cannot make the fallible Apocrypha infallible.”  (Pages 169-170)  It is somewhat ironic that the great Roman Catholic biblical scholar Jerome, who translated the Scriptures into the Latin Vulgate, did not recognize The Apocrypha as being of equal authority with the books of the Hebrew canon.

• Our next article will discuss the History of Progress toward Canonization for the OT
      
• Return to our Introduction Post to see a list of all articles in this series.